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Keep up the good work! Mauer, J. Myeloid cell-restricted insulin receptor deficiency protects against obesity-induced inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. PLoS Genet. Shi, H. TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Ron, D. Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.
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An exhaustive review of the mechanism of action, efficacy and side-effect profile of the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic medications. Miyazaki, Y. Rosiglitazone improves downstream insulin receptor signaling in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 52 , — Gastaldelli, A. Diabetes 60 , — Dormandy, J. A large prospective study PROactive demonstrating that pioglitazone significantly reduced the second principal end point of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death; the primary end point did not reach statistical significance because of the inclusion of peripheral arterial disease and leg revascularization, which is known to be refractory to medical intervention, including statin therapy.
Aronoff, S. Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy improves glycemic control in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled dose-response study. The Pioglitazone Study Group.
Erdmann, E. Observational follow-up of the PROactive study: a 6-year update. Takeda [online] , Levin, D. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: a multipopulation pooled, cumulative exposure analysis.
Diabetologia 58 , — Kjems, L. Diabetologia 45 , — Aroda, V. Deacon, C. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comparative review.
Balas, B. The dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor vildagliptin suppresses endogenous glucose production and enhances islet function after single-dose administration in type 2 diabetic patients. Drucker, D. Incretin action in the pancreas: potential promise, possible perils, and pathological pitfalls.
A comprehensive review of the effect of incretin hormones on pancreatic hormone secretion and pathology by one of the world’s leading authorities. White, W. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. Scirica, B. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cervera, A. Mechanism of action of exenatide to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
Bunck, M. Klonoff, D. Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years. Schwartz, S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the cardiometabolic syndrome: impact of incretin-based therapies.
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Role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 SGLT 2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. An excellent review of the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety of the recently approved SGLT2 inhibitor class of antidiabetic medications. Wright, E. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Merovci, A.
Dapagliflozin improves muscle insulin sensitivity but enhances endogenous glucose production. Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients.
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The incidence of mild and severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sulfonylureas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Desouza, C. Association of hypoglycemia and cardiac ischemia: a study based on continuous monitoring. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. The ORIGIN trial demonstrated that physiological insulin replacement doses 30—40 units per day in newly diagnosed patients with T2DM could control HbA1c without an increased risk of cardiovascular events; however, the risk of hypoglycaemia was significantly increased, and the study did not examine the effect of higher doses of insulin, which are usually required to normalize glycaemia in more long-standing diabetes, on cardiovascular risk or other potential side effects of insulin therapy.
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This was the first randomized trial to demonstrate that better glucose control improves QOL, cognitive function and general perceived health, and reduces symptom distress and absenteeism from work.
Assesment of quality-of-life outcomes. Valuing quality of life and improvements in glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21 , C44—C52 Bode, B. Patient-reported outcomes following treatment with the human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide or glimepiride in monotherapy: results from a randomized controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Comparative effectiveness of basal-bolus versus premix analog insulin on glycemic variability and patient-centered outcomes during insulin intensification in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. This randomized trial demonstrated that patient satisfaction with treatment was more positively affected by improved QOL, reduced glucose variability and better glycaemic control with a basal-bolus regimen than negatively affected by the burden of additional injections.
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Diabetes Abstr. Gumbiner, B. Kumashiro, N. Targeting pyruvate carboxylase reduces gluconeogenesis and adiposity and improves insulin resistance. Stark, R. Harlan, D. Current advances and travails in islet transplantation. Composition and function of macroencapsulated human embryonic stem cell-derived implants: comparison with clinical human islet cell grafts.
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The effectiveness and safety of bariatric surgery in the treatment of obesity and T2DM is reviewed in this longest ongoing study on surgical intervention. Neuschwander-Tetri, B. Farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for non-cirrhotic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis FLINT : a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
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De Zeeuw, D. The endothelin antagonist atrasentan lowers residual albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Boussageon, R. Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ , d Colditz, G. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women.
Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 17 , — Download references. Sprung for editorial assistance. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Introduction R. Correspondence to Ralph A. The authors declare the following potential COI: 1 R. Reprints and Permissions. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1, Download citation.
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Subjects Diabetes Diabetes complications Type 2 diabetes. Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM is an expanding global health problem, closely linked to the epidemic of obesity. Access through your institution. Buy or subscribe. Relevant articles Open Access articles citing this article.
Protective and therapeutic effectiveness of taurine supplementation plus low calorie diet on metabolic parameters and endothelial markers in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized, clinical trial Jalal Moludi , Shaimaa A. Olugbogi , Damilola S. Bodun … Olaposi I. Change institution. Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube.
Figure 4: Insulin secretion in response to glucose. Figure 6: Mechanisms of insulin resistance. Figure 7: Illustration of the four major concepts in patient-reported outcomes.
Figure 8: Potential therapeutic targets in T2DM management. References DeFronzo, R. Article Google Scholar Tuomilehto, J. Google Scholar Pozzilli, P. Article Google Scholar Kleinridders, A. Article Google Scholar Engelgau, M.
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